- Philip Wilkinson and Neil Philip, "Παγκόσμια Μυθολογία", Σκάι βιβλίο 2009:
Мифы Южной Америки 193
Дети Солнца. Всплытие из озера. Ложное возвращение 216
Творцы и высшие боги. Виракоча. Культ 281
Богини-матери и божества Земли. Пачамама 290
Боги Моря, Неба и Вселенной. Инти 297
- "DK Illustrated Dictionary of Mythology. Heroes, heroines, gods, and goddesses from around the world", Philip Wilkinson, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1998:
Цивилизации Центральной и Южной Америки 95
Инки. Плачущий бог. Вайракоча. Инти. Мама Килья. Пача Мама. Чуичу. Ильяпа. Мама Коча. Пробуждение. Лама (животное). Хуаки. Астральные божества. Орко-Килай. Часка-Койлор. Созвездие Плеяд. Эльдорадо 110 - 111 _________________ Мой девиз: один против всех, и всем несдобровать...
Найден онлайн текст книги Felix Guirand, "Всемирная мифология" на английском языке:
Цитата:
THE INCAS
Before the Spanish conquest Peru included modern Peru, the republic of Ecuador to the north,
part of Bolivia to the south-east, and part of Chile to the south.
Before they came under the civilising influence of the Incas, the ancient Peruvians accepted
totemism. They worshipped animals, plants and stones, and took their names. Several Quiches
(ancient Peruvians) believed they were descended from animals which they worshipped, such as
the condor, the snake, and the jaguar, or from rivers and lakes. These protecting spirits were given
the name of Huaca, by which they meant mysterious powers.
Along the coasts of Peru the chief totem was the sea, and its inhabitants were sub-totems.
Where the Incas established themselves totemism gave way to the cult of the Sun. The Peruvian
name for the sun was Inti or Apu-Punchau (the head of day). They thought he had a human form,
and his face was represented by a disk of gold surrounded with rays and flames. The Incas
believed they were descended from Inti, and only they were allowed to utter his name.
Among divinities Mama Quilla, the moon, came immediately after the Sun, her brother and her
husband. Her image was a silver disk with human features. She was the protecting goddess of
married women. Many temples were dedicated to these chief deities, the most famous of which
was the Coricancha of Cuzco.
The other deities grouped about the pair Sun-Moon and looked upon as their attendants were
greatly venerated. Among them were Cuycha the rainbow, and Catequil the thunder and
lightning god, represented carrying a sling and a mace. Children were sacrificed to him. Twins
were looked upon as his children. Chasca (the long-haired star) was the planet Venus, and was
thought to be a man acting as page to the Sun. Among the Incas this planet was the protectress of
princesses and girls, the creatress and protectress of flowers. The other planets and stars were
maids in waiting to the Moon. Other constellations were worshipped. The most revered were the
Pleiads who protected cereals. Comets were a sign of the gods' wrath. In addition to these starry
deities, they worshipped Pachamama (mother earth) and fire, Nina.
However, the Incas did not suppress all the cults older than that of the Sun and Moon. They
retained two great gods whom they annexed to their pantheon - Viracocha (the foam or fat of the
lake) and Pachacamac (he who animates the earth).
Pachacamac, who was outside the cycle of Inca gods, was considered the supreme god by the
maritime population of Peru. His legend spread out from the valley of the Lurin, to the south of
Lima,
where he had his sanctuary, and makes him the rival of Viracocha. He renewed the world by
changing the men created by Viracocha and teaching them the different arts and occupations. He
must have been the god of fire, and so the Incas made him a son of the Sun, the master of giants.
His worship required human victims. He uttered mysterious oracles. He was invisible, and it was
forbidden to represent him in any form whatever. At Cuzco there was current a myth of the
mountaineers of Pacari-Tambo (house of the morning):
'Once upon a time four pairs of brothers and sisters emerged from the caves of Pacari-Tambo. The
eldest climbed up the mountain and threw a stone to each of the four cardinal points, saying that
it was a token that he had assumed possession of the whole land. This angered the other three, the
youngest of whom was the cleverest. He made up his mind to get rid of his brothers and reign
alone. He persuaded the eldest to go into a cave, and shut him in with a huge rock. Then he got his
second brother to come up the mountain with him under the pretext of looking for the eldest
brother. But when they reached the top he threw the second brother into the void, and by magic
changed him into a stone statue. The third brother fled in terror. So the youngest built Cuzco and
had himself worshipped as son of the Sun under the name of Pirrhua-Manco or Manco-Capac. The
first god was probably Pachacamac, god of underground fire; the second seems to have been a
personification of the worship of stones; and the third Viracocha, the god who vanished.'
On the other hand the Incas taught that the Sun had three sons -Choun (one of the surnames of
Viracocha), Pachacamac, and Manco-Capac.
Viracocha was originally also outside the cycle of the Inca gods, but was annexed to the 'cult of the
Sun.' According to legend he lived in lake Titicaca, and represented its fertilising and procreative
powers. He is the god of rain, and of the liquid element generally.
'Before the Sun appeared the earth was already peopled,' says the original myth of Viracocha.
'When he emerged from the depths of the lake he made the sun, the moon, the stars, and set them
on
MYTHOLOGY OF THE TWO AMERICAS — 443
their regular courses. Then he made several statues, which he brought to life, and commanded
them to come out of the caves in which they had been carved. He then went to Cuzco and
appointed Allcavica as king over the people in the town. The Incas descended from this Allcavica.
Then Viracocha went away and disappeared into the water.'
Viracocha has neither flesh nor bones, and yet he runs very swiftly; he brings down the mountains
and lifts up the valleys. He is represented with a beard, which is a symbol of water gods. His
sister-wife was Mama-Cocha (rain and water). Beside these deities there existed special gods and
powers of an animal nature, in which the Indians recognised mysterious power. Snakes were
greatly revered, such as Urcaguary the god of underground treasures who is represented in the
form of a large snake, with the head of a deer and little gold chains decorating his tail. The condor
was thought to be the messenger of the gods. One of the peculiarities of the Inca religion is that
they had 'Virgins of the Sun' or Aclla, who were real vestal virgins, maintaining the sacred fire
under the control of matrons called Mama-Cuna who educated them and directed their work. The
'Virgins of the Sun' were chosen at the age of eight and shut up in cloisters, which they could not
leave for six or seven years, and then only to marry chiefs of high rank.
Every Aclla convicted of relations with a man was buried alive, unless she could prove that she
was with child, in which case it was supposed to be due to the Sun.
Human sacrifices occurred every year at the festivals celebrated in honour of the gods Inti,
Pachacamac and Viracocha. Two or three children and large numbers of animals were massacred
at these festivals. According to the myths, the earth was called Pacha, and above the earth were
ranged four heavens inhabited by gods. The great god lived in the highest heaven.
The Incas thought that Inti, the sun, after crossing the sky, plunged into the western sea, which he
partly dried up. He returned by swimming under the earth, and reappeared next morning
rejuvenated by his bath.
Eclipses of the sun were held to indicate Inti's anger. The Peruvian
myths of creation, of the origin of mankind, and of the flood, seem to have been local, as was the
case -in Mexico.
In a province of Peru to the east of Lima, the Indians say that once upon a time the world came
near to total destruction. One day an Indian wanted to tie a llama in a good pasture, but the
animal resisted, and in its way gave signs of grief. His owner said: 'Idiot! Why do you lament and
refuse to browse? Are you not in a place with good grass?' 'Madman!' said the llama, 'learn that
there is plenty of reason for my grief, for within five days the sea will rise and cover the whole
earth!' The astonished Indian asked if there was no way of escaping. The llama told him to collect
provisions for five days, and then to follow it to the top of the high mountain called Villca-Coto.
So the man collected provisions, and led the llama on a leash. When they reached the top of the
mountain they saw that all kinds of birds and animals had already taken refuge there. The sea
began to rise, and covered all the plains and mountains except the top of Villca-Coto; and even
there the waves dashed up so high that the animals were forced to crowd into a narrow area. The
fox's tail dipped into the water, and that is why it has a black tip. Five days later the water ebbed,
and the sea returned to its bed. But all human beings except one were drowned, and from him are
descended all the nations on earth.
Another legend of the Peruvian Indians deals with the reappearance of men after the flood: 'In a
place about sixty leagues from Cuzco the creator made a man of every nation, and painted the
costume which each of the nations was to wear. He gave hair to those who were to have long hair,
and clipped the hair of those who were to have short hair. To each he gave the speech he was to
was to talk, suitable songs, and the seeds and food he was to grow. Then he gave life and soul to
these men and women, and sent them underground. In this way each nation went to the region it
was to occupy.'
Among the Incas there was a god of death, Supai, who lived inside the earth. Supai, the god of this
dark world, is no more malevolent than Hades or Pluto, but he is a dreary and greedy god, always
longing to increase the number of his subjects, so he must be placated, even at the cost of painful
sacrifices. Thus, every year a hundred children were sacrificed to him.
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