Добавлено: Сб Авг 22, 2020 12:08 am Заголовок сообщения: Русско-Турецкая война 1828 - 1829 года
Митрополит Варненский Захарий служил там (в Варне) в 1819 - 1820 годах. Он был членом Филики Этерии. А сменивший его митрополит Варненский Филофей - был ярым помощником русских в Русско-турецкой войне 1828 - 1829 годов, в которой оказал им существенную помощь при взятии Варны:
Подпись Филофея значилась под отлучением Филики Этерии от Церкви, изданным патриархом Григорием Пятым в марте 1821 года. Под тем же документом стояла подпись ещё 21 митрополита Константинопольского патриархата.
Когда русские войска князя Меньшикова взяли Варну, митрополит Филофей в своём златотканном облачении совершил торжественную встречу победителей. При этом исполнялось песнопение Симеоново - "нин аполиис тон дуло су, Деспота". Он беззаветно и бесстрашно служил на пользу России. Но когда русские войска покинули Варну, он был брошен ими на произвол судьбы, и был снят с поста митрополита Варненского. Бежать ему удалось лишь в последний момент, переодевшись. Император Николай Первый принял беженца с большими почестями. Император посоветовал митрополиту отправиться в Одессу, чтобы пребывать там во-главе цветущей греческой общины. Русские власти и Российская Церковь проявляли уважение к иерарху. Но он отказался от хорошего российского пенсиона, обещанного ему за утрату своей епархии, поскольку вечно мечтал вернуться на свой родной остров. Единственное, что он получил в качестве почести - это орден Святой Анны, приколотый бриллиантом. Также по этому случаю император пожаловал ему златотканную митру с шёлковой красной лентой, и с изображениями восьми святых. На вершине этой митры располагалась 12-угольная звезда из 72 бриллиантов, а посреди этой звезды - шар, состоящий из 136 бриллиантов. А посреди того шара - крест, имеющий 84 бриллианта по обеим своим сторонам, а в центре - 2 сапфира. Умирая Филофей подарил эту митру монастырю Животворящего Источника или Святой на острове Андрос. Дата его смерти неизвестна, но своё завещание он написал в начале сентября 1842 года.
_________________ Мой девиз: один против всех, и всем несдобровать...
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Объявление войны Россией Турции, 14 апреля 1828 года по старому календарю:
PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE AFFAIRS OF GREECE.
PROTOCOLS OF CONFERENCES HELD IN LONDON.
Presented to both Houses of Parliament, by Command of His Majesty,
May, 1830.
LONDON: PRINTED BY J. HARRISON AND SON
Цитата:
DECLARATION.
ALL the wishes of Russia to remain at peace with a neighbouring Nation have proved vain. Notwithstanding her great patience, and the most costly sacrifices, she has been obliged to confide to arms the defence of her rights in the Levant, and to impress on the Ottoman Porte respect for existing Treaties. She will therefore develope the motives, at once imperative and just, which impose on her the melancholy necessity of such a resolution.
Sixteen years have elapsed since the peace of Bucharest; and for the same period we have seen the Porte act contrary to the stipulations of that Treaty, evade its promises, or indefinitely delay the fulfilment of them. The irrefragable
, . proofs which the Imperial Cabinet will adduce of this infatuated hostile tendency of the policy of the Divan, are but too numerous. On more than one occasion, particularly in 1821, the Porte assumed with respect to Russia, a character of open provocation and hostility. For these three months past, it has again assumed this character, by formal acts and measures which are notorious to all Europe.
On the same day that the Ministers of the three Powers, united by a disinterested engagement in the cause of religion and of suffering humanity, expressed at their departure from Constantinople an ardent wish that peace might be preserved,-on the same day when they pointed out the easy means of attaining that object, and when the Porte in the same manner protested its pacific dispositions ;* on that very day the Porte called upon all nations professing the Mahometan faith to take up arms against Russia, denouncing her as the implacable enemy of Islamism, accusing her of a design to overthrow the Ottoman Empire ; and finally, announcing its resolution to negotiate for the sole purpose of preparing for war, and its determination never to fulfil some of the essential Articles of the Treaty of Akerman, which it declared, at the same time, that it concluded with no other design than that of breaking it. The Porte well knew that by so doing, it would also violate all preceding Treaties, the renewal of which was expressly stipulated by that of Akerman;
l but it had already taken its resolution and determined its line of conduct.
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* See the Letter from the Grand Vizir to Count Nesselrode, (page 204,) which was immediately followed by the Hatii. Scheriff of the 20th December.
Scarcely had the Sultan thus spoken to the vassals of his Crown, when the privileges of the Russian flag were violated, the ships covered by it were detained, their cargoes sequestrated, their Commanders obliged to dispose of them at prices arbitrarily fixed, the amount of an incomplete and tardy payment reduced to one half; and even the subjects of His Imperial Majesty were soon after compelled either to descend into the class of Rayas, or to leave in a body the dominions of the Ottoman Porte. Meanwhile the Bosphorus is closed, the trade of the Black Sea fettered, the Russian towns, whose existence depends upon that trade, are in imminent danger of ruin, and the southern provinces of the Emperor's dominions lose the only channel for the exportation of their produce, and the only maritime communication which, by promoting the exchange of their commodities, could render their labour productive, and promote industry and prosperity. Even the boundaries of Turkey did not limit the action of these hostile sentiments. At the same time that they broke forth at Constantinople, General Paskewitch, after the conclusion of a glorious campaign, was negotiating a peace with Persia, the conditions of which were already accepted by the Court of Teheran. On a sudden, he was surprised at delays which succeeded to the eagerness which had hitherto been shown for the conclusion of a Convention, which had been already approved by both parties in all its particulars. These delays were followed by exceptions to the terms of the Treaty, and these exceptions by warlike demonstrations; and the conduct of the neighbouring Pachas who hastily took up arms, on the one hand,—and on the other, authentic information and positive confessions, revealed to us the secret of the promise of a diversion, which was to force new efforts upon us.
Thus the Turkish Government in its Proclamations announced its intention of breaking its Treaties with Russia, while it already set them at nought by its actions : thus it taught Russia to expect war at no remote period ; it had in fact already begun it against her subjects and her commerce. Where war was just extinguished, it tried to rekindle it.
Russia will not dwell on the motives which render it imperative upon her to refuse to tolerate such evidently hostile actions, and to take measures for preventing their recurrence. If a State could abandon its dearest interests, sacrifice its honour, and disown the transactions which are at once the monuments of its glory and the pledges of its prosperity, it would be a traitor to itself, and would fail in its duties by failing to insist upon its rights.
Such rights and such duties acquire even an additional title to be respected, when the assertion of them has been preceded by a moderation of the most marked kind, and by the most striking proofs of pacific intentions.
The sacrifices which Russia has imposed upon herself, with the view of securing to the world a durable peace, ever since the memorable epoch which overthrew at the same time military despotism and the spirit of revolution,these sacrifices, equally voluntary and numerous, dictated by the most liberal policy, and no less spontaneous than they have been numerous, are known to the world ; the history of late years testifies them, and even Turkey herself, though little disposed duly to appreciate them, and in no wise entitled to them, has felt their favourable effects. The Porte has nevertheless constantly misun. derstood the advantages of its stipulations with the Cabinet of St. Petersburgh, and of the fundamental Treaties of Kainardje, Jassy, and Bucharest, which, by placing the existence of the Porte, and the integrity of its frontiers, under the protection of the law of nations, could not fail to contribute to the duration of its Empire. Scarcely was the peace of 1812 signed, when the Porte thought that it could with impunity take advantage of the difficult and eventful circumstances in which Russia then was placed, repeatedly to violate its recent engagements. An amnesty had been promised to the Servians; but instead of it, an invasion took place and a dreadful massacre. Certain privileges were guaranteed to Moldavia and Wallachia; but a system of plunder completed the ruin of those unhappy provinces. The incursions of the tribes which inhabit
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the left bank of the Kuban were to be prevented by the care of the Porte; they were, on the contrary, openly encouraged ; and Turkey, not content with raising pretensions to several fortresses absolutely necessary for the security of our Asiatic possessions, pretensions, the weakness of which it had itself recognized by the Convention of Akerman, made them still weaker by favouring, on the coasts of the Black Sea, and even in our vicinity, the slave trade, pillage, and disorders of all kinds. Nay more: then, as now, ships bearing the Russian flag were detained in the Bosphorus, their cargoes sequestrated, and all the stipulations of the commercial Treaty of 1783 openly violated. This took place at the very moment when the purest glory and the most beneficent victories in a sacred cause crowned the arms of His Majesty the Emperor Alexander of immortal memory. Nothing hindered him from turning his arms against the Ottoman Empire. But that Monarch, a pacific Conqueror, superior to every feeling of resentment, avoided even the most legitimate opportunity of redressing his own wrongs, and would not interrupt the peace restored to Europe by generous exertions, and with noble intentions, so soon after he had contributed to its establishment. His situation offered him immense advantages, of which he forbore to avail himself, with the view of entering, in the year 1816, into negotiations with the Turkish Government, founded on the principle and the wish to obtain, solely by amicable arrangement, securities for peace and for a faithful adherence to existing Treaties, as well as for the maintenance of reciprocal, satisfactory, and pacific relations, -securities which the Emperor's victorious arms might have extorted from the Porte, then unable to resist him.
Such great moderation was not, however, duly appreciated. For five years together, the Divan was unmoved by the conciliatory overtures of the Emperor Alexander, and endeavoured to tire out his patience--to dispute his rights—to call in question his good intentions—and even to defy the superiority of Russia, which was restrained solely by a desire to preserve the general peace, by carrying her forbearance to its utmost limits.
And yet a war with Turkey would not in any way have embarrassed the relations of Russia with her principal Allies. No convention of guarantee, no political combination, connected the fate of the Ottoman Empire with the healing acts of 1814 and 1815, under the protection of which civilized and christian Europe reposed after her long dissensions, and saw her Governments united by the recollections of common glory, and a happy identity of principles and views.
After five years of benevolent and unabated exertion on the part of the Representative of Russia, and of tergiversations and delays on the part of the Porte, -when several points of the negotiation relative to the execution of the Treaty of Bucharest appeared to be settled,-a general insurrection in the Morea, and the hostile invasion of Moldavia by the Chief of a Party, unfaithful to his duty, re-excited in the Turkish Government and nation all the emotions ..of blind hatred against its christian tributaries, without distinction between
the guilty and the innocent. Russia did not hesitate a moment to testify its just disapprobation of the enterprize of Prince Ypsilanti. As protector of the Principalities, it approved of the proper measures of defence and suppression adopted by the Divan, at the same time insisting on the necessity of not confounding the innocent part of the population with the seditious, who were to be disarmed and punished. These counsels were rejected; the Representative of His Imperial Majesty was insulted in his own residence; the chief Greek Clergy, with the Patriarch at their head, were subjected to an ignominious punishment in the midst of the solemnities of our holy religion. The most eminent Christians were seized, plundered, and massacred without trial; the remainder fled. The flame of insurrection, however, far from abating, spread on every side. In vain did the Russian Minister endeavour to render the Porte a last service. In vain did he point out, by his note of the 6th July,
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1821, a way to safety and to reconciliation. After he had protested against
crimes and ebullitions of rage, unparalleled in history, he found himself
obliged to obey the commands of his Sovereign, and to leave Constantinople.
It was at this time that the Powers, the Friends and Allies of Russia, equally
interested in the maintenance of general peace, offered and employed their
good offices for the purpose of dispelling the storm which was about to burst
over the infatuated Turkish Government. Russia, on her part, delayed to re-
dress her own just grievances, in the hope that she should be able to recon-
cile what she owed to herself with the forbearance required by the situation of
Europe, and its often-threatened tranquillity. Great as these sacrifices were,
they were fruitless. All the efforts of the Emperor's Allies were successively
baffled by the obstinacy of the Porte, which, perhaps equally in error with re-
spect to the motives of our conduct, and the extent of its own resources, per-
sisted in the execution of a plan for the destruction of the Christian popula-
tion, subject to its power. The war with the insurgent Greeks was prosecuted
.
with increased acrimony, in spite of the measures which from that time had for
their object the pacification of Greece. The attitude of the Divan, notwith-
standing the exemplary fidelity of the Servians, became daily more hostile
towards them; and the occupation of Moldavia and Wallachia was pro-
tracted, notwithstanding the most solemn promises made to the Representa-
tive of Great Britain, and notwithstanding the desire of Russia, from the time
when these promises were distinctly made, to renew its former relations with
the Porte. So many hostile measures could not fail at last to exhaust the
patience of the Emperor Alexander. In the month of October, 1825, he
caused an energetic protest to be presented to the Ottoman Ministry; and
when a premature death snatched him from the love of his people, he had just
made the declaration, that he would regulate the affairs of Turkey according
to the rights and interests of his Empire.
A new reign commenced, and furnished further proofs of a love of peace,-
a noble inheritance, which had been bequeathed to it by the preceding reign.
Upon his accession to the throne, the Emperor Nicholas commenced ne-
gotiations with the Porte, in order to settle various differences which concerned
Russia alone, and afterwards, on the 23rd March 1826, laid down, in concert with
His Majesty the King of Great Britain, the bases of an intervention which the
general good peremptorily demanded. An evident wish to avoid extreme
measures guided his conduct. On the one hand, as His Imperial Majesty pro-
mised himself from the union of the Great Courts, a more easy and speedy
termination of the war which desolates the East, he renounced the employment
of all separate influence, and disclaimed all idea of exclusive measures in this
important question. On the other hand, by his direct negotiations with the
Divan, he endeavoured to remove a further impediment to the reconciliation
of the Turks and the Greeks. Under such auspices the conferences at
Akerman were opened; the result of them was the conclusion of an additional
Convention to the Treaty of Bucharest, the terms of which bear the stamp of
that deliberate moderation, which, subjecting every demand to the immuta-
ble principles of strict justice, consults neither advantage of situation, supe-
riority of strength, nor facility of success. "The sending of a permanent Mis-
sion to Constantinople soon followed this reconciliation, at which the Porte
expressed its satisfaction in the strongest terms :-soon afterwards the Treaty
of the 6th of July, 1827, confirmed in the face of the world the disinterested
principles proclaimed by the Protocol of the 4th of April. This Treaty, while
it advocated the rights and the wishes of an unfortunate people, sought to con-
ciliate them, by an equitable arrangement, with the integrity, the repose, and
,
the true interests of the Ottoman Empire. The most amicable means were
tried to induce the Porte to accept the stipulations of this beneficent Act;
urgent entreaties were addressed to it to put an end to the effusion of blood
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The Porte was warned by the most frank communications, which unfolded to it all the plans of the three Courts, that in case of refusal, the united fleets of the three Courts would be obliged to put an end to a contest which was no longer compatible with the security of the seas, the necessities of commerce, and the civilization of the rest of Europe. The Porte paid no attention to these warnings. A Commander of the Ottoman forces had scarcely concluded a provisional armistice, when he broke the word he had given, and resorted to the employment of force. The battle of Navarino ensued : but this battle, the necessary result of an evident breach of faith, and of a flagrant aggression, even this battle gave Russia and her Allies another opportunity to express to the Divan its wishes for the maintenance of peace, to invite the Porte to contribute to its restoration, to extend it to the whole of the Levant, and to establish it on conditions which should connect the Ottoman Empire with the reciprocal guarantees by which they would be accompanied, and which, by reasonable concessions, would gain for it the benefits of perfect security.
Such is the system, such are the acts, to which the Porte replied by its Manifesto of the 20th of December, and by measures which constitute so many breaches of the Treaties with Russia—so many violations of its rights—so many grave attacks on its commercial prosperity—so many proofs of a desire to bring upon her fresh embarrassments and enemies.
Russia, thus placed in a situation in which her honour and her interests will not suffer her any longer to remain, declares war against the Ottoman Porte, not without regret, but after having, for sixteen years together, neglected nothing to spare the Porte this calamity.
The causes of this war sufficiently indicate its objects.
Brought on by Turkey, it will impose upon that Power the burden of making good all the expences caused by it, and the losses sustained by the subjects of His Imperial Majesty. Undertaken for the purpose of enforcing the Treaties which the Porte considers as no longer existing, it will aim at securing their observance and efficacy. Induced by the imperative necessity of securing for the future, inviolable liberty to the commerce of the Black Sea and the navigation of the Bosphorus, it will be directed to this object, which is equally advantageous to all European States. In having recourse
to arms, Russia, far from indulging in sentiments of hatred against the Ottoman Power, or from contemplating its overthrow, according to the accusation of the Divan, conceives that she has given a convincing proof that if a vindictive war, or the destruction of the Porte, had been her object, she would have seized all those opportunities for war which her relations with the Porte have so unceasingly presented.
Russia is no less indisposed to entertain ambitious views. Countries and nations enough already obey her laws; cares enough are already imposed upon her by the extent of her dominions.
Lastly, Russia, though at war with the Porte, for reasons which are independent of the Treaty of the 6th of July, has not departed, and will not depart, from the stipulations of that Act. It did not, and could not, condemn Russia to sacrifice her anterior and most important rights, to endure decided affronts, and to demand no indemnity for the keenest injuries. But the duties which it imposed upon her, and the principles on which it is founded, will be fulfilled with scrupulous fidelity, and observed without the slightest deviation. The Allies of Russia will find her always ready to act in concert with them in the execution of the Treaty of London, always anxious to co-operate in a work which is recommended to its lively solicitude by religion, and all the feelings which do honour to humanity ; always inclined to make use of its present situation, only for the more speedy fulfilment of the stipulations of the 6th of July, and not to make any change in their nature or their effects.
The Emperor will not lay down his arms till he has obtained the results stated in this declaration, and he looks forward to them through the blessings of Him to whom justice and a pure conscience have never yet appealed in vain.
Given at St. Petersburgh, the th April, 1828.
Цитата:
EXPLANATORY REMARKS.
THE Russian Cabinet, in its declaration of this date, has enumerated as grounds of complaint against the Ottoman Porte, the detention of ships under the Russian flag ; the impediments thrown in the way of their passage through
; the Bosphorus ; the sequestration of their cargoes ; the obligations imposed upon the Captains to part with their cargoes at prices fixed arbitrarily; the violent expulsion of all Russian subjects and merchants from all the territories subject to the Ottoman Dominion.
These acts are so many open violations of the express stipulations of Treaties, and annul the most important Articles of the existing Conventions between Russia and the Porte. It will suffice to quote the text of the Treaties to shew how far they have been violated.
1. Detention of Vessels under the Russian Flag. “ The Sublime Porte grants to the merchant vessels of Russia a free pas"sage from the Black Sea into the White Sea, and reciprocally.” (Article 11 of the Treaty of Kainardjé.)
“ The Sublime Porte wholly allows to all Russian subjects, in general, to navigate freely upon the seas, waters, upon the Danube, and every where “ where Russian subjects may desire to carry on navigation and commerce.” (Article 1 of the Treaty of Commerce of 1783.)
“ Vessels under the Russian flag, shall not be exposed to the least detention or visit, with whatsoever merchandize they may be laden.” (Article 30 of the same Treaty.)
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2. Impediments thrown in the way of the passage of Russian Vessels through
the Bosphorus. “ It is agreed that all merchant vessels, under the Russian Flag, may pass freely through the Channel of Constantinople, from the Black Sea into the “ '” “ White Sea, and reciprocally.” (Article 30 of the Treaty of Commerce of 1783.)
“ The Sublime Porte promises to observe strictly all the conditions of the “said Treaty of Commerce, to remove all prohibitions contrary to the express
tenour of its stipulations, to interpose no impediments to the free navigation of “ merchant vessels under the Russian Flag, in all the seas and waters of the “ Ottoman Empire without any exception. (Article 7 of the Convention of Akerman.)
3. Seizure of Cargoes. “ Russian merchant vessels shall not be forced to discharge either at Constantinople, or in any other place, the cargoes with which they are laden.” (Article 31 of the Treaty of Commerce of 1783.)
“ If it should happen that the vessels should be laden with provisions to “ be exported from Russia to other States not subject to the Porte, or if it “ should further happen to them to transport provisions from the said Countries “ into the Dominions of Russia, provided that they be not territories under the “ Ottoman Dominion, those Vessels shall not be subjected to any regulation of “ the Country, but may pass freely by the Channel of Constantinople.” (Article 35 of the Treaty of Commerce of 1783.)
4. Obligations imposed upon the captains of Russian vessels, to deliver their
cargoes al prices arbitrarily fixed. “ The Sublime Porte undertakes not to compel the Russian merchants to buy or sell merchandize against their will." (Article 7 of the Treaty of " Commerce of 1783.)
“ In virtue of the clauses of the 30th and 35th Articles of the said Treaty, (the Treaty of Commerce of 1783), which assure the free passage, by the “ Channel of Constantinople, of Russian merchant vessels, laden with provi“sions or other merchandize and produce of Russia, or other States not subject “ to the Ottoman Empire, as well as the free disposal of those provisions, mer“ chandize and produce, the Sublime Porte promises, &c. &c." (Article 7 of the Convention of Akerman.)
5. Violent expulsion of Russian subjects and traders from all the Territories
subject to the Ottoman rule.
“ The two Empires allow merchants to stay in their dominions so long as “ their interests shall require it.” (Article 11 of the Treaty of Kainardjé.)
“ It shall be free to every Russian trader, to travel, dwell and remain in “ the dominions of the Porte, under the especial protection of his Government, “ so long as the advantage of his commerce shall require it.” (Article 1 of the Treaty of Commerce of 1783.)
“ The Sublime Porte promises to cause Russian merchants, masters of “ vessels, and all Russian subjects in general, to enjoy the advantages and “ prerogatives, as well as the entire liberty of commerce, which are formally “ stipulated by the Treaties existing between the two Empires." (Article 7 of the Convention of Akerman.)
After the Porte had annihilated all the privileges of the subjects, commerce, and flag of Russia, it promised to pay down the third part of the price at which it had itself valued the sequestrated cargoes, and to discharge the remainder at a future time; but it immediately issued a new coinage, nearly thirty per cent. under the value of the preceding currency.
In addition to these facts, the Imperial Cabinet will state some others, which have reference to the late negotiations of Russia with the Forte.
In 1821, when the Porte was affording to the Emperor Alexander of glorious memory, the strongest ground of complaint, and a breach between the two States appeared to be at hand, Persia declared war against Turkey. Russia, far from taking advantage of an event which might be so favourable to her interests,-far from supporting or encouraging Persia, declared not only that she had not caused the war, but that she wished to see it ended. In 1828, peace was on the point of being concluded between the Courts of Teheran and St. Petersburgh, when Turkey acquainted the former, through the Pacha of Van, that war was about to be declared between Russia and Turkey, requested Persia not to conclude a Treaty with us, and promised the assistance of Ottoman Troops. Two other Pachas of the same Provinces—of Kars and Akhaltzikh-have been lately removed, because they maintained a good understanding with the Commander in chief of the Russian army, long before the publication of the Hatti-Scheriff.
We may also remark, that while the Porte accuses Russia of being the declared
enemy
of Islamism, millions of Mussulmans live in the midst of the Emperor's dominions, in the publick and peaceful exercise of the religion of their ancestors. This liberty is not restrained by any impediment, nor does any regulation exist to prevent them from following every ceremony of their religion.
It may not be amiss to subjoin the letter from the Grand Vizir to Count Nesselrode, dated the 12th December, 1827, and the answer returned by the Vice Chancellor by the Emperor's order. The first of these documents shows how the Porte gave out the assurance of its pacifick intentions at the very
a
moment when it published the Hatti-Scheriff of the 20th December; and the second how Russia, though forced to declare war against the Porte, points out the means of shortening its duration, and of bringing about a speedy restoration
of peace.
Манифест императора Николая Первого, 14 апреля 1828 года:
Цитата:
MANIFESTO OF HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR.
By the Grace of God, Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias, fic. &c. doc.
The peace of Bucharest, concluded in the year 1812, with the Ottoman Porte, after having been for sixteen years the subject of reiterated disputes, now no longer exists, in spite of all our exertions to maintain it, and to preserve it from violation. The Porte, not satisfied with having destroyed the bases of a state of peace, now defies Russia, and prepares to wage against her a war of extermination ; it summons its whole population to arms; accuses Russia of being its irreconcileable enemy; tramples under foot the Convention of Akermann, and therewith all preceding Treaties. Lastly, the Porte does not hesitate to declare, that it consented to the conditions of that Convention only as a mask to conceal its intentions, and its preparations for
a new war.
Scarcely was this memorable confession made, when the rights of the Russian flag were violated, the vessels which carry it were detained, and the cargoes made the prey of a rapacious and arbitrary government. Our subjects found themselves compelled to break their oath, or to leave without delay a hostile
country; the Bosphorus was closed; our trade annihilated; our Southern Provinces, deprived of the only channel for the exportation of their produce, are threatened with incalculable injury. Nay more. At the very moment when the negotiations between Russia and Persia were on the eve of being concluded, a sudden change on the part of the Persian Government checked the course of them. It soon appeared that the Ottoman Porte had exerted herself to make Persia waver, by promising her powerful aid; that the Porte had hastily armed the troops of the Pachas on the borders, and was preparing to follow up this treacherous and hostile language, by acts of open aggression.
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Such has been the series of injuries of which Turkey has been guilty from the conclusion of the Treaty of Bucharest to the present time; such has un-. happily been the fruit of the sacrifices and generous exertions by which Russia has incessantly laboured to maintain peace with a neighbouring Power.
But all patience has its limits; the honour of the Russian name - the dignity of the empire—the inviolability of its rights—and of our national glory have prescribed to us the bounds of our forbearance.
It is not till after we have considered the full extent of the duties imposed on us by imperative necessity, that, inspired with the greatest confidence in the justice of our cause, we have ordered our forces to advance, under Divine protection, against an enemy who violates the most sacred obligations, and the law of nations.
We are convinced that our faithful subjects will add to our prayers the. most ardent wishes for the success of our enterprise, and that they will implore the Almighty to grant his support to our brave soldiers, and to shed his Divine blessing on our arms, which are destined to defend our holy religion, and our beloved country.
Given at St. Petersburgh the April, in the year of our Lord 1828, and in the third year of our reign.
(Signed) NICHOLAS. (Countersigned)
The Vice Chancellor,
COUNT NESSELRODE.
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Обращение султана Махмуда Второго к его подданным и чиновникам (обвинение "неверных" - франков, и в первую очередь России - в том, что они помогают греческим мятежникам, что по мнению султана и являлось единственной причиной, по которой Греческое восстание не было подавлено), 20 декабря 1827 года:
Цитата:
No. 2. (Annex D.)
Translation of a Proclamation published by Hatti-Schériff, the 1st of Djemaziv
lakhir, 1243, (20 December, 1827,) sent to all the Pachas and Governments of the Provinces of the Empire, and delivered to all the Ayans (Primates) convoked in the Capital.
IT is notorious to all persons of judgment, that just as every Mussulman is naturally the chief enemy of the infidels, the infidels are equally the enemies of the Mussulmans, and that the Court of Russia, especially, is the sworn enemy of the Mussulman people and of the Ottoman Empire. This Power, in the absurd idea of carrying into effect the evil intentions and the contemptible projects which it has entertained for a long period against the Mussulman people and the Mahometan Empire, having been in the habit for the last fifty or sixty years of taking advantage of every opportunity, and having lately availed itself of the want of discipline in the accursed robbers of Janizaries, declared war on the slightest pretence. It has happened unfortunately that on many occasions it has got possession of Mussulman provinces. On the other hand, growing in pride and presumption from day to day, and entertaining the perfidious intention of succeeding with ease in the absurd project devised against the Sublime Porte, it has excited the Greeks, who have been for a long while of the same religion. nese last, forming themselves into a nation, and rising at various times upon different points, employed against the Mussulmans all the perfidy of which they are capable; and being persuaded that if Russia on its side invaded the Ottoman dominions, they would crush, (God preserve us from it), all the people of the Faithful, and would easily cause the Ottoman Empire entirely to disappear. They made an agreement to this effect. But, God be praised, by his aid, and by the assistance of the Prophet, this revolt of the infidels having been foreseen a short time before it broke out, we were not taken unprovided; the necessary measures were immediately adopted at Constantinople, that which these people designed to effect with ease against the Ottoman Empire, was warded off; and by putting to the sword a good part
; of the insurgents of Morea, Negropont, Carli-ili, Missolonghi, Athens, and other places on the continent, the greatest part of them were got rid of. Not. withstanding this, the insurgents of the Morea the focus of the rebellion, and of the islands, at the beginning of the revolution made martyrs of a multitude of Mussulmans, and slaves of their women and their children; and declaring open war against the Mahometan nation, they allowed themselves to be guilty of falsehoods and unheard of excesses in order to re-establish the Greek Government. For how many years have strong armies and fleets been despatched against them by land and by sea ; but our land forces, thinking, unfortunately, of nothing but asking for their pay, did not engage in the affair with heart and soul; and our fleet could not be of any use, by reason of the disorder which has long reigned in our Admiralty ; which is the cause of this affair having been spun out so long.
Besides the Russians, other Franks, impelled by cupidity, have under hand afforded all kinds of effective succours to the insurgents, and have thus been themselves the sole cause of the prolongation of the rebellion. Finally, by the artifices of Russia, France and England have come to an understanding with her, and alleging the injury which the prolongation of the revolt has for so many years occasioned to their commerce, they have attempted by a thousand artifices to withdraw the Greeks from their dependence on the Sublime Porte, to raise them into an independent Government, to prevent the Porte from interfering in any manner in their affairs, to separate them altogether from the Mussulmans, to cause chiefs to be given to them taken from among themselves, in the same manner as they are given to Wallachia and Moldavia, to cause them to pay only an annual tribute to the Sublime Porte; and advanc
ing a multitude of other intolerable conditions, they have proposed to the Sublime Porte to grant them their independence.
It is, therefore, clear as the day, that by reason of this independence, the infidels will get possession of all the provinces of Europe and Asia which are inhabited by the Greeks; and that by degrees they will place the Rayahs in the situation of the Mussulmans, and vice versâ; that they will perhaps convert our mosques and our houses of prayer into churches, and ring bells therein ; and that lastly, in a little time, they will cause the Mussulmans to disappear entirely from the face of the earth.
This being the case, and religious, political, civil, and national considerations rendering these propositions altogether inadmissible, the Sublime Porte has replied to them more than once in writing and by word of mouth, in diplomatic forms, and resting upon treaties. Having from the beginning understood the intentions of the Franks, and being well aware that the answer to these propositions must be given in the last instance sword in hand; the Sublime Porte, in order, on the one hand, not to disturb the repose of the Mussulmans, and, on the other, to make the necessary preparations for war, sought to gain time, and employed all means of defence, by giving satisfactory answers, and by official Conferences, notwithstanding all that was contained in these propositions derogatory and prejudicial to the Ottoman Empire, and to the Mussulman nation.
Even last year, although the absurd propositions made by Russia at Akerman relative to indemnification, and especially with regard to the Servians, were not of a nature to be accepted, the Sublime Porte acceded to them against her will, in order to comply with the exigency of the moment, and to save the Mussulman nation, in expectation of a better opportunity ; up to this time the greater part of the articles has been carried into execution, and, in the last instance, the Conferences relative to the indemnifications and the Servian affairs, were commenced; and although these two points were not of a nature to be attended with a happy result, we, notwithstanding this, resigned ourselves to them as a misfortune. But Russia, not content with this,-and the military regulations which the Ottoman Empire has now happily adopted giving umbrage to her, because those improvements might cause the calamities which she was preparing for the Ottoman Empire to recoil upon herself, adopted the course of not allowing the Mussulmans time for them.
At this time, then, Russia, England, and France, forming an Alliance among themselves, in order to obtain that independence by force, these Powers have for the last year, by the channel of their respective Ministers, officially and openly required the said independence; and the Sublime Porte, on its side, has laboured much, and said much, to engage them to desist from this pretension, by representing to them that religious, political, civil, and national considerations rendered that proposition inadmissible; and that as the whole Mussulman nation would rise up against it, it would be impossible ever to make them accept it. They were deaf to every thing that could be said to them, and proud of their strength, they persisted so much the more in endeavouring to procure by force the acceptance of their proposition. Finally, this year they sent squadrons into the Archipelago, which openly preventing the Ottoman fleet and the Egyptian vessels, destined for the repression of the robbers, from proceeding to the islands, that fleet and the said vessels were forced to enter the port of Navarino, and there await the orders of the Sublime Porte. In the interval, the Russian, English, and French squadrons suddenly entered the said port, under the name of friends, commenced an engagement all three at once, and nobody is ignorant of the treachery and destruction which the Imperial fleet sustained from them.
The three Powers above-mentioned, having thus publicly violated Treaties, and declared war, the Sublime Porte, instead of having recourse to reprisals, as it had a right to do, and to act altogether differently in the matter than she has done towards their Ministers, subjects, and merchant vessels which were here, the Sublime Porte, I say, yielding to circumstances, maintained silence, and adopted the course of acting as a friend, pretending to believe what the Minis
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ters of those three Powers represented, viz.: that the Ottoman Commanders were the cause of this battle ; on condition, however, that they should not interfere in the Greek affair. But these infidels, forgetting all moderation, and far from relaxing for a moment from their pretension to procure the recognition of their proposition for the independence of Greece, becoming still more urgent in the affair, plainly demonstrated the perfidious designs of the Franks in regard to the Mussulman people.
Now, it is evident, that, were it only for the sake of gaining time until the spring, the Sublime Porte has proceeded in a friendly manner, both in its messages,
and in the Conferences held for some weeks past ;—that it has repeatedly acquainted the Ministers, that whenever the Greeks shall give in their submission, they will receive a full and complete amnesty; that all their goods and possessions shall be restored to them; that they shall enjoy perfect tranquillity and repose ; that all the arrears of taxes due from them during the time of their revolt, shall be remitted; that moreover, solely with the view of meeting the wishes of the three Powers, the Sublime Porte would further remit an additional year's tribute ; and finally, that all the privileges and immunities compatible with the condition of tributary subjects, (Rayas) should be granted to them, but that it was impossible to concede any thing which would have the effect of raising them out of that class ; and although the Sublime Porte entreated the Ministers, on the day of its Conference with them, to acquaint their respective Courts with these friendly communications, and with its legitimate grounds of excuse, as well as to announce to them that the desired armistice should be observed until the arrival of their answers; the only effect of these requests was to increase their pride and presumption ; they obstinately persisted in declaring that they would accept of nothing short of granting to the Greeks of the Morea and the neighbourhood of Athens, which they call the Land of the Hellenists, (la terre des Hellènes) as well as to the inhabitants of the Greek islands, the privileges demanded for them: and they finally declared that, if this were not done, they would all three depart.
Such then is the present state of the affair. If, on full consideration of their present proceeding, and with a view to their friendship, we should avoid going to war, (from which God preserve us !) and if we could think it necessary to accede to this independence of the Greeks (God keep us from it !)—it would no longer be in our power to arrest the contagion, which would extend to all the Greeks of Europe and Asia, who, shortly declaring themselves independent, would emerge from the class of tributary subjects, and in two or three years vanquishing the generous nation of Mussulmans, would then seek our destruction ; and it is clear that the result of such a measure would be, alas ! the annihilation of our religion and our Empire. The fact is, that so long as the Turkish provinces of Europe and Asia are (God be praised !) peopled with innumerable Mussulmans, we should act contrary to our religion and our laws, if, from fear of war, we became the cause of the abasement of our religion; it would be to make over to the vile infidels with our own hands, our dominions, our wives, our children, and our property. It is moreover to be remembered, that formerly, when the dominion of the infidels extended over the whole world, thanks be to God that, by the appearance of our religion, and with the aid of the Almighty, from the happy days of our Prophet down to our own time, our Mussulman brethren who have preceded us, animated by the feelings of their religion and of their valour, have never, in any battle, regarded the number of the infidels; and all labouring with one soul, they have, many hundreds of thousands of times, put to the sword hundreds of thousands of infidels, and have conquered by their swords many provinces and countries. The same thing will take place at the present day, when, with united hearts, we shall march to battle in the way of the Lord : for with the aid of the Almighty and of His Prophet, and following the steps of the other holy personages of our religion, there can be no doubt but that we shall gain splendid victories.
Let us therefore always continue firm in our refusal to accede to the absurd propositions of the aforesaid three Powers; and if, acknowledging the justice of our refusal, they abandon all interference in the Greek Question, so much the better : but if, on the contrary, they still insist on the Sublime Porte's
, acceptance of this proposition, “ let us remember that all infidels constitute “ but one and the same nation ;” and that, even in the event of their all uniting together, we, on our part, full of confidence in God and His Prophet, have resolved to rise en masse to fight in behalf of our religion and our Empire, and that all the Pachas, Ulemas, the chief persons of the Empire, and, if necessary, every Mussulman, will form but one body.
In consequence of this resolution, this war in no wise resembles those which have preceded it; it is no longer a war of state against state for an extension of territory. No, as we have shewn above, the design of the infidels, from whom God deliver us, being no less than to sweep the Mussulman nation off the face of the earth, and to trample under foot the Mahometan religion, this war is a national and religious war. Let the poor and the rich, the great and the small, in short, let every Mussulman consider it his duty to fight ; let them be careful how they think of setting up any claims for pay, but on the contrary, sparing neither his property nor his blood, let none of us neglect any thing which it is the pride of a Mussulman to perform ; and with united hearts, let us exert ourselves in every possible manner, even to death, for our religion. This is indispensable, and it is quite evident, that without it, there is no salvation for the Mussulmans, either in this world or in the next.
Let us therefore trust in God, that we shall every where destroy the vile infidels, the enemies of our faith and of our Empire, and that the Mussulmans will every where be crowned with victory.
Such is the state of affairs : let those in whose heart there remains the smallest trace of religion, look well to it, and act like men ; we are fully persuaded that they will join with heart and soul in upholding our faith and our Empire, and in promoting the salvation of our souls, and that they will strain every nerve in fighting for the cause of religion.—God be our help!
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Обращение командующего русской армией Витгенштейна к жителям Молдавии и Валахии, апрель 1828 года:
Цитата:
PROCLAMATION.
Inhabitants of Moldavia and Wallachia! HIS Majesty the Emperor, my august Master, has commanded me to : occupy your country with the army, the command of which he has confided to me. The legions of the Monarch, the protector of your destiny, in passing the boundaries of your native land, bring with them every pledge for the maintenance of order and perfect security.
Moldavians and Wallachians of all classes ! Receive the brave men whom I have the honour to command, as brethren,-as your natural defenders! In every thing that may be required of you, endeavour to co-operate in the movements of the forces of His Imperial Majesty, and give renewed proofs' of your ancient attachment to the Power which has constantly watched over your rights. The war which Russia has just declared against the Ottoman Porte aims only at satisfaction for the most just complaints, and the fulfilment of the most solemn treaties. Conduct yourselves as peaceable spectators of hostilities which cannot affect you ;-employ yourselves in security, in promoting the welfare of your country, and in the uniform fulfilment of all your duties. The laws and customs of your ancestors, —your property—the rights of the holy religion which we profess in common -shall be respected and protected. For the more speedy attainment of these objects, the Emperor has commanded me to appoint immediately in the Principalities a provisional central administration, at the head of which the privy councillor Count de Pahlen is placed. Honoured with the confidence of His Imperial Majesty, he will henceforth exercise amongst you the functions and authority of President Plenipotentiary of the Divans of Moldavia and Wallachia. My most zealous care shall be exerted to second him in his labours. The strictest discipline shall be observed in all the divisions of the army, and the smallest excesses shall be immediately punished. On this yo may depend.
Inhabitants of Moldavia and Wallachia! My august Monarch flatters hîmself that the war which he is compelled to undertake, will deprive you but for a short time of the advantages of peace. It will guarantee to you the speedy return of peace, and will secure to you the advantages of a legal and durable existence, founded on stipulations that will fully efface the traces of the evils that you have endured, and give you the certainty of happiness in future.
Obedience to the authorities, oblivion of the animosities which have arisen from anarchy, the sacrifice of private interests to the good of a cause in which they all are blended ; these are the duties the voluntary and unanimous performance of which I recommend to you in the name of the Emperor.
Conduct yourselves in a manner conformable to the magnanimous sentiments of which I am happy to be the organ, and you will acquire new claims : to His Majesty's favour. Given at Head Quarters, at
the
April, 1828. (Signed) Field Marshal COUNT DE WITTGENSTEIN,
Commander-in-Chief.
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Декларация Высокой Порты в ответ на Манифест русского царя от 14 (26) апреля 1828 года, изданная в июне 1828 года:
"Map of Europe by treaty", vol. 2 (since the general peace of 1814)
BY EDWARD HERTSLET, C.B.,
LIBRARIAN AND KEEPER OF THE PAPERS, FOREIGN OFFICE
London, 1975
Цитата:
DECLARATION of the Porte, in Answer to the Russian Manifesto of 14/26th April, 1828.
June, 1828.
(Translation, as laid before Parliament.)
MEN of sound judgment and upright minds know, and reflection united with experience clearly proves, that the principal means of preserving order in the world and the repose of nations, consists in the good understanding between Sovereigns, to whom the Supreme Master, in the plenitude of His mercy, has entrusted, as servants of God, with absolute and unlimited power, the reins of government, and the administration of the affairs of their subjects. It results from this principle that the solid existence and maintenance of this order of things essentially depend upon an equal and reciprocal observation of the obligations established between Sovereigns, which ought, therefore, to be respected in common and scrupulously executed.
God, all powerful, be praised for this, that the Sublime Porte has, since the commencement of her political existence, observed those salutary principles more than any other Power; and, as the confidence of the Porte is founded on the precepts of the pure and sacred law, and of the religion which Mussulmans observe in peace as well as war, and having never consulted anything but the law, even in the slightest circumstances, she has never deviated from the maxims of equity and justice, and, as is generally known, has never been placed in the situation of compromising her dignity by infringing, without any legitimate motive, Treaties concluded with friendly Powers.
It is equally well known to the whole world, and incontestible, that with regard to the Treaties, Conventions, and Stipulations, for peace and friendship, concluded under diplomatic forms with Russia, as a neighbouring Power, the Porte has constantly exercised the greatest care in respecting the duties and rights of good neighbourhood, and in availing herself of all proper means for consolidating the bonds of friendship between the two nations.
The Court of Russia has, however, without any motive, disturbed the existing Peace,-has declared War, and invaded the territory of the Sublime Porte. Russia alleges that the Sublime Porte has caused this War, and has published a Manifesto (Nos. 138, 139), in which she accuses the Porte of not having executed the conditions
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
of the Treaties of Bucharest* and Ackermann (No. 131); of having punished and ruined the Servians after having promised them pardon and amnesty; of having demanded fortresses in Asia which were essentially necessary to Russia; of having, without regard to the two provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia, punished with death the most distinguished men of Greece; with having, while publicly declaring that Russia is a natural enemy of the Mussulman nation, endeavoured to provoke to vengeance, and direct against her, the bravery of all the Mussulman people; of having signed the Treaty of Ackermann (No. 131) with mental reservation, seized the cargoes of Russian ships, and instigated the Court of Persia to make War upon Russia; and finally it is made a subject of complaint, that the Pachas of the Porte were making warlike preparations. It is these, and other charges of the same nature, that Russia has brought forward, a series of vain inculpations, destitute of all real foundation. It will be proper to make each the subject of a reply, founded on equity and justice, as well as on the real state of the facts.
Though Russia has published that these are the principal motives for the Declaration of War, it is, however, generally known that the War which terminated with the Treaty of Bucharest was commenced by herself. In fact, before that War, the Porte had, on just and legitimate grounds, dismissed the Waivodes of Wallachia and Moldavia, and Russia then pretended that these dismissals were contrary to Treaties; and though the Sublime Porte represented in an amicable manner things under the real aspect, Russia refused to listen to the reasons advanced; and as she continued to insist in her pretensions, the Sublime Porte, with the sole view of preserving Peace, and of maintaining the relations of friendship, did not hesitate to restore the dismissed Waivodes, without paying attention to the consequences of such a condescension. But while Russia declared herself fully satisfied, and under the ministry of Gahib Pacha, then Reis Effendi, officially notified, through the first interpreter, Councillor Fonton, that the differences and difficulties existing on that account, between the two Courts, were completely removed, she immediately and unexpectedly made an attack on the side of Chotien and Bender. According to the regular course, the Sublime Porte demanded explanations from the Russian Ambassador, who tried to deceive, and formally disavowed what had taken place, adding that Russia was in a state of Peace and friendship with the Sublime Porte; that if War had been *(8th May, 1812.) See Appendix.
intended, the Ambassador must necessarily have known it; and that it could only be supposed that the Russian troops had some motive for advancing.
When the fact was finally proved, the Sublime Porte was under the necessity of resisting; but having a natural repugnance to War and the shedding of blood, she imposed on herself a sacrifice, and signed the Treaty of Bucharest. Russia did not respect the Treaty. Among other infractions, instead of evacuating the Asiatic frontier, according to the basis and the tenor of the Treaty, she unjustly annulled that Article, and regarded with indifference all the well-founded remonstrances of the Sublime Porte. Finally the Russian Plenipotentiaries at Ackermann, having altered and misinterpreted the pure sense of the Treaty, and being no longer able to answer the convincing arguments of the Turkish Plenipotentiaries, declared that a long space of time having elapsed since the Article in question had been executed, the Fortress claimed could not be given up. To such language the Turkish Plenipotentiaries might well have replied, that if the non-execution, in due time and place, of Articles officially stipulated, warranted a total renunciation, the other Articles, the more or less prompt fulfilment of which was demanded of the Sublime Porte, might also remain in statu quo. But their instructions did not authorize them to hold a language so foreign to the Treaties, and so contrary to the law of nations. And their mission restricting them to the consolidation of the bonds of Peace they acceded. Nevertheless the Russian Declaration represents this demand of evacuation as having had no foundation in fact; and by pretending that we had already renounced it, evidently deviates from the path of truth.
It was agreed that the Russian Tariff should be renewed every two years, and the other friendly Powers have renewed their tariffs according to agreement. The Tariff of Russia, however, has undergone no change for 27 years. Since the expiration of the term the renewal has ofttimes been proposed to the Russian Envoys and Chargé d'Affaires at Constantinople, but the application was always made in vain; Russia refused to do justice to the well-founded demands of the Sublime Porte. The conduct of Russia, as well in words as in actions, in these two affairs of the evacuation and the tariff, showing so strikingly to what degree she respects Treaties and the principles of equity, how can she attribute to the Sublime Porte their violation? and how can such an imputation ever be admitted?
789
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
The imperial Amnesty promised to the Servians for the part they took in the War with Russia was fully granted after the Peace; and as a consequence of the natural clemency of His Serene Highness, particular concessions assured to them their welfare and their repose. The same nation afterwards disregarded the authority of the Sublime Porte, and dared to revolt separately and by itself. As the Servians are the subjects of the Sublime Porte, and as the Ottoman Government is entitled to treat them according to their conduct, either by punishing or pardoning, the merited chastisement was inflicted, and happiness restored to the country, without the slightest injury to Russia, or infringement of the Treaty of Bucharest. This affair of Servia, as well as other like points, distinct from Treaties, and even some events of smaller importance, which ought to be classed under natural accidents, always served as motives of complaints on the part of Russia, and she never renounced her embarrassing proceedings. However, the Sublime Porte continued to regard her as a pacific friend, to pay attention to all affairs which could have possibly any analogy with the Treaties concluded between the two States, and to observe scrupulously the rules of good understanding.
Some time before the Greek Insurrection, the Russian Envoy, Baron Strogonoff, pretending that the Sublime Porte had not executed certain stipulations, insisted in a demand for Conferences relative to the Treaty of Bucharest. Positive answers and conclusive conversations made known to him at different times, that as the Articles had already been executed, or being effectively and entirely carried into execution by the Sublime Porte, while, on the contrary, Russia had yet to prove her amicable fidelity by fulfilling stipulations the accomplishment of which had been deferred on her part, there was of course no occasion for the required Conferences. However, as he persisted in exceeding the orders of his Court, the opening of the conferences was at last conceded, but on the express condition of not introducing such objects as might tend to extend the meaning of Treaties, or change the tenor of Conventions. In the course of the Conferences the Russian Minister did not fail to raise more than one unreasonable discussion. However, the Articles of the above-mentioned Treaty were in the course of being examined, one by one, when the Greek Insurrection broke out, and it is notorious that the obstacles occasioned by that event were calculated to retard the labour in question.
No. 140]
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
The fugitive Ypsilanti then issued from Russia to invade publicly and unexpectedly Moldavia, at the head of a troop of rebels. He spread trouble and disorder through the two Principalities. Animated by the chimerical desire of establishing a pretended Government for Greece, he excited to revolt the whole of the Greek people, who are tributary subjects to the Ottoman Empire from father to son, misled them by his accursed Proclamations circulated everywhere, and instigated them to disown the authority of the Sublime Porte.
Every Power being authorised to arrest and punish malefactors within its own territories, and to manage all internal affairs tending to the maintenance of good order, as soon as the flame of rebellion was lit up on every side, the Sublime Porte resorted to suitable measures, sent troops against the rebels to restore tranquillity, crush rebellion, and purge the country, and labour to restore the privileges of the provinces, being far from wishing to annihilate them by the destruction of the malefactors. It is evident that no person whatever had any right to object to these and other measures which the Sublime Porte was bound to adopt, and which in such a conjecture could not be delayed. Nevertheless, the Russian Envoy invented divers objections, and originated several unreasonable differences, by discourses and proceedings little becoming the agent of a powerful friend, in the midst of affairs so important which then occupied the attention of the Sublime Porte.
Some time after, Ypsilanti, being routed, returned to Russia, and the Hospodar of Moldavia, Michael Sutzo, having also taken refuge there with all his partisans, the Sublime Porte demanded, in the terms of Treaties, that these persons shall be delivered up, or punished where they were. Though between allied Powers there can be no greater humanity than fidelity to Treaties, Russia merely gave a vague answer inconsistent with all diplomatic rules, saying that humanity opposed their delivery. She thus violated and annihilated existing Treaties and rights to protect, and perhaps pay particular attention to, these individuals.
The remains of the rebels were still in the two Principalities, and the refugees were protected by Russia. The flame of the insurrection was increasing daily, when Russia demanded the evacuation of the two Principalities by the Ottoman troops, the nomination of the Hospodars, and the modification of indispensable measures, in which circumstances permitted no change to be 791
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
made. At the period when the principal persons among the Greeks and the insane leaders of the insurrection received the chastisement due to their proved crimes, very improper pretensions were put forward in their favour by Russia. Not the slightest wish was shown to yield an equitable ear to the just answers and amicable declarations which the Sublime Porte opposed to these pretensions, both verbally and by writing. Finally the Russian Envoy left Constantinople in a manner contrary to the duties of an Ambassador. The Grand Vizier immediately wrote to the Russian Prime Minister, and explained the whole truth to him. He represented in detail, that the system adopted and adhered to at all times by the Sublime Porte consisted in the pure intention of literally executing the Treaties concluded with friendly Powers, more particularly with Russia, her friend and neighbour, and in constantly attending to the means of maintaining good understanding and securing tranquillity. Contrary to our hope, the answer which we received was remote from the path of justice and truth.
As soon as the two Principalities were purged of the rebels which had defiled them, the Hospodars were appointed, the ancient privileges completely restored, and these two Provinces re-established on their former footing. Lord Strangford, the English Ambassador, on his return from the Congress of Verona, having in the course of his conversations on the existing circumstances, first observed the moderate conduct of the Porte to be free from all objection, declared officially and publicly at different times, and in full conference, that if the Sublime Porte would also consent to reduce the number of the beshlineferat who were under the command of the bash-beshli-aga of the Principalities, there would then remain no subject of dispute or difference between the Sublime Porte and Russia, and the good harmony of the two Courts would rest on solid bases. Putting faith in this notification, and wishing to remove every cause of discord, the Sublime Porte acquiesced in this proposition also; the number of the beshlineferat was reduced. M. Minziacki, then the Russian Chargé d'Affaires, expressed the great satisfaction of his Court at this reduction.
Shortly after the question of the rank of the bash-beshli-aga began to be discussed. Russia intimated officially that she wished them to be changed, and superseded by individuals without rank. This favour was also granted solely to please Russia. Immediately after
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
M. Minziacki presented an official note in the name of his Court, demanding that Plenipotentiaries should be sent to the Frontiers, to explain the Treaty of Bucharest. The Plenipotentiaries whom the Sublime Porte sent to the frontier, with the view of terminating the Conferences, began for the same object with Baron Strogonoff, and in the hope that this time at least, all discussion being terminated between the two Empires, the desired Peace would be obtained. Having been afterwards artfully drawn by Russia as far as Ackermann, they began by laying down the principle of not departing from the circle of the Treaties, and not altering or changing the sense of the stipulations, in the same manner as had been previously agreed upon with the same Envoy. The two parties agreed to this basis, and the Conferences were opened. After some meetings the Russian Plenipotentiaries presented, contrary to the agreement, a detached document, under the title of "Ultimatum," demanding that the same should be accepted and approved, such as it was. In vain the Turkish negotiators endeavoured to obtain the abandonment of this proposition, by representing how contrary it was to diplomatic forms, and to the basis of the Conferences. "Our mission," replied the Russians, "has for its sole object to procure the acceptance of this document." And here the Conferences closed.
Finally, as the Russian Plenipotentiaries had in the course of the Conferences admitted the Greek question to be an internal affair belonging to the Sublime Porte, and as they had officially declared, in the name of their Court, that Russia would not mix herself in any way therewith, and that they would completely tranquillize the Sublime Porte on this point,--seeing that this Declaration was entered in the Protocols kept according to custom by both parties,-seeing, moreover, that according to the reasons, legislative, political and national, which prevent the Sublime Porte from admitting any foreign interference on the Greek question, the promise of Russia not to meddle with it was a sincere mark of regard towards the Sublime Porte; this Declaration therefore, appearing to be a pledge of peace and friendship between the two Empires for the present and the future, the closing of the Conferences was implicitly based on the said Declaration, and the Treaty was readily concluded without much attention to each particular Article.
M. de Ribeaupierre, Envoy from Russia, on arriving at Constantinople, received all the accustomed honours-all the marks
of respect due to his person. The greater part of the Articles of the above Treaty had already been carried into execution, and the means of equally executing the others were under consideration, when the Greek affair, the discussion concerning which had continued so long, and resounded in all ears, came back again into question-an affair on which the Sublime Porte had already a thousand times given categorical and official replies; an affair, moreover, in which Russia had formally promised not to interfere. A Treaty then appeared unjustly concluded against the Sublime Porte, and without its knowledge. Notwithstanding the presence of M. de Ribeaupierre, who, when at Ackermann, as Second Plenipotentiary of his Court, was one of those who officially announced that Russia would not interfere with the Greek question,-notwithstanding the presence of the other Plenipotentiaries, and notwithstanding the existence of the Protocols, the Declaration was openly denied. This new proposition, so violent that it was impossible for the Sublime Porte to accept it, either consistently with law or policy, was put forward, and a hearty refusal given to the request to lend a favourable ear to the legal excuses and real obstacles which the Sublime Porte had, with good faith, at different times alleged on this subject.
Finally, the fatal event of Navarino,*- -an event unheard of and unexampled in the history of nations,-still made no change in the amicable relations of the Sublime Porte; but, not content with the concessions which the Sublime Porte might, from regard solely to the three Powers, and without any further addition, grant to the country still in rebellion, the Russian Envoy departed from Constantinople without motive or reason.
Were the Sublime Porte to detail her numerous complaints, and insist upon her just rights, each of the points above stated would become in itself a special Declaration. But the circumstances which preceded and followed the Greek Insurrection having clearly demonstrated what was its origin, and the natural progress of events having only tended to confirm the opinion previously formed, the Sublime Porte, without wishing to impute the origin of the revolution to any quarter, continued to testify toward Russia all the respect and all the friendship which Treaties and vicinage required; she endeavoured to maintain the most favourable relations, but of this no account was taken. Besides, inasmuch
The battle of Navarino was fought on the 20th October, 1827.
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[War. Russia and Turkey.]
as the Sublime Porte, from the desire of preserving peace, displayed a mildness and condescension, in so much did Russia oppose to her reserve and hostile proceedings. It was natural that such a conduct should excite in the minds of Mussulmans the idea of inert enmity, and awaken among them all the ardour of Islamism.
Besides that nothing can prove the reproach which Russia addresses to us, of having concluded the Treaty of Ackermann with a mental reservation-the Proclamation which the Sublime Porte for certain reasons circulated in its States, being an internal transaction, of which the Sublime Porte alone knows the motive, it is evident that the language held by a Government to its own subjects cannot be a ground for another Government picking a quarrel with it.
Nevertheless, immediately after the departure of the Envoy, the Grand Vizier, in an official letter to the Prime Minister of Russia, clearly expressed that, faithful to the good intentions so long manifested, the Sublime Porte was always desirous of maintaining Peace. Now if Russia had equally desired, as she pretended in her Declaration, sincerely to maintain Peace between the two States, as all discussions between Powers ought to be based on the text of Treaties, or on official documents, the official letter of the Grand Vizier well deserved to be accepted and taken into consideration according to diplomatic practice; and in the hypothesis of this Proclamation having given some suspicion to Russia, the course of communication not being obstructed between the two Courts, Russia might have applied amicably to the Sublime Porte to ascertain the truth and to clear up her doubts. Far from following this course, perhaps even without taking into consideration the correct information transmitted on the subject by the representatives of other friendly Powers who were still here, she hastened to class that Proclamation among the number of her complaints and pretexts. Then is not the party which has declared War evidently that which must have concluded the Treaty of Ackermann with a mental reservation? The facts carry their proof along with them, and relieve us from the necessity of further demonstration.
We come now to the seizure of the cargoes of Russian vessels. Though the corn which the Ottoman Provinces furnished, is, thanks be to God, sufficient for the consumption of the capital, nevertheless the Blockade, established contrary to Peace and good
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
understanding for the purpose of preventing the Mussulman troops in the Morea from receiving provisions, we have determinde to transport from certain parts of Roumelia to that Peninsula the grain destined to the capital, it became necessary to supply the deficit thereby created here in a way heretofore practised, and which equally affected the merchants of other friendly nations. The corn of the Russian merchants was purchased at the current market price for the subsistence of Constantinople, and the amount paid to the owners. This measure, arising solely from the Blockade, cannot be made a just cause of complaint against the Sublime Porte. Besides, the immense losses which the Sublime Porte has experienced in consequence of the Greek Revolution, as well as the damage caused at Navarino, give it a full right to complain, while others had no title to speak of their losses, their commerce enjoying greater advantages than before.
As to the reproach of having excited Persia against Russia, it is a pure calumny. Never did the Sublime Porte think it consistent with its dignity to instigate one nation against another. Far from exciting Persia, the Sublime Porte observed the strictest neutrality, neither mixing itself up with the origin or the issue of the War or the Peace between the two Empires. If some neighbouring Pachas made preparations, they were only measures of precaution usual to every State bordering upon two other nations at War. It thus clearly appears that the endeavour of Russia to ascribe these preparations to hostile intentions towards herself, has as little foundation as the rest.
Russia has constantly made use of the protection, and of the interests which she felt or professed, in favour of the unfortunate inhabitants of Wallachia and Moldavia, to excite all sorts of discussions against the Sublime Porte. Would any one wish to convince himself that her true object was not to protect them, but to pick a quarrel with us, let him consider the evils which have been inflicted upon them by the invasion of Ypsilanti, and 'by the unjust inroad of the Russian Army in contempt of Treaties. Such are the inhabitants whom Russia pretends to protect! It is to Russia to whom they owe their ruin. It was very easy for the Sublime Porte to cause her victorious troops to enter the two Principalities after she knew that Russia was making preparations to invade them; but never having at any time permitted, contrary to the Divine law, the least vexation towards her subjects, and being anxious to insure the welfare and tranquillity of
[War. Russia and Turkey.]
the two Provinces under the shade of the Imperial Throne, she abstained in order to spare the misfortunes of the inhabitants.
In a word, the Sublime Porte makes the present Declaration that none may have anything to say against her; that it may be weighed in the balance of equity and truth, how much injustice there was on the part of Russia in resisting the important demands and the grave complaints of the Sublime Porte, which are as clear as the sun, in inventing all kinds of objections, in interpreting in a thousand different ways the system followed by the Ottoman Government, and in declaring War without motive or necessity; in fine, that exempt from every kind of regret respecting the means of resistance which the Mussulman nation will employ, relying upon the Divine assistance, and acting in conformity with the holy law, she may be able to clear her conscience of an event which will occasion now and henceforward trouble to so many beings, and perhaps may shake the tranquillity of the whole world.
June, 1828.
Карл Маркс, Полное Собрание Сочинений, том 9, "ЛОРД ПАЛЬМЕРСТОН. - СТАТЬЯ ВТОРАЯ":
Цитата:
«Вполне правдоподобно, что русско-турецкая война возникла в результате посягательств Турции на торговлю и права России и нарушений Турцией договоров». (Палата общин, 16 февраля 1830 года.)
Когда Пальмерстон сделался воплощением вигизма в министерстве иностранных дел, он усовершенствовал эту точку зрения: «Почтенный и доблестный член парламента» (полковник Эванс) «представил поведение России с 1815 г. до нынешнего дня как постоянную агрессию против других государств. Он указывал в особенности на войны России с Персией и Турцией. Ни в одном из этих случаев Россия не была нападающей стороной, и если в результате персидской войны произошло увеличение ее силы, то это случилось не потому, что она этого добивалась... И в войне с Турцией Россия также не была нападающей стороной. Я не хочу утомлять палату перечислением всех провокаций, которые позволила себе Турция по отношению к России; но нельзя, я полагаю, отрицать, что Турция изгнала со своей территории русских подданных, задержала русские суда, нарушила все постановления Аккерманской конвенции и после сделанных ей представлений отказалась возместить ущерб. Таким образом, если вообще существуют справедливые основания для войны, то Россия имела их в войне с Турцией. Несмотря на это, она не приобрела никаких новых территорий, - по крайней мере, в Европе. Я знаю, что некоторые пункты были оккупированы в течение продолжительного времени» (Молдавия и Валахия - только пункты, а устье Дуная - сущая безделица!) «и что были сделаны некоторые дополнительные приобретения на азиатском побережье у Черного моря, но имелось соглашение между Россией и другими европейскими державами, согласно которому успех России в этой войне не должен был привести к какому-либо расширению ее территории в Европе». (Палата общин, 7 августа 1832 года.)
Ваши читатели теперь поймут, почему сэр Роберт Пиль заявил благородному лорду на открытом заседании палаты общин, что «ему не ясно, чьим представителем он является»309.
Суть несогласия Маркса здесь заключена в том, что лорд Пальмерстон оправдывал Россию и её агрессию в отношении её соседей (Ирана и Турции), доходя до того, что он даже отказывался признавать очевидный факт территориальных приобретений Российской империи по итогам Русско-турецкой войны 1828 - 1829 годов - хотя Россия до начала войны приняла на себя ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВО перед другими Великими Державами не предпринимать захвата турецких владений в этой войне.
Между тем, вот - карта территориальных приобретений Российской империи по итогам той войны, на основании Адрианопольского мира 1829 года:
Карл Маркс, Полное Собрание Сочинений, том 14, "ГОСПОДИН ФОГТ. - VIII. ДА-ДА ФОГТ И ЕГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ":
Цитата:
Мысль выставить Россию защитницей либерализма и национальных стремлений не нова.
И довольно глупа. Ибо где либеральные свободы, и где Россия. Тем паче для середины 19 века...
Цитата:
Целая толпа французских и немецких просветителей прославляла Екатерину II как знаменосца прогресса. «Благородный» Александр I (Le grec du Bas Empire**, как неблагородно назвал его Наполеон) разыгрывал в свое время роль героя либерализма во всей Европе. Разве он не осчастливил Финляндию благами русской цивилизации? Разве он не наделил, в своем великодушии, Францию, наряду с конституцией также и русским премьер-министром, герцогом Ришельё? Разве не был он тайным вождем «Гетерии»485, хотя одновременно с этим на Веронском конгрессе, через продажного Шатобриана, побуждал Людовика XVIII выступить
* - кодекса. Ред.
** - «грек времен Восточной Римской империи», «византиец» (в переносном смысле: двуличный, коварный человек). Ред.
в поход против испанских мятежников?486 Разве он не втравливал Фердинанда VII, через его духовника, в экспедицию против восставших испано-американских колоний, пообещав в то же время президенту Северо-Американских Соединенных Штатов свою поддержку против всякой интервенции европейских держав на американском материке? Разве он не послал в Валахию Ипсиланти в качестве «вождя священной дружины эллинов» и с помощью того же Ипсиланти не предал эту дружину и не убил коварно Владимиреску, вождя валашских повстанцев?
Тайным вождём Гетерии (то есть Филики Этерии) Александр Первый, разумеется, не был...
Также разумеется и то, что Александр Первый не посылал в Валахию Ипсиланти ни в какой ипостаси - не только как вождя священного отряда. Также Ипсиланти не предавал священную дружину - тем более как рука, действовавшая по приказу Александра Первого. Также Ипсиланти не убивал Владимиреску как рука, действовавшая при этом по приказу Александра Первого.
Цитата:
Николая также прославляли до 1830 г. на всех языках, в стихах и прозе, как герояосвободителя национальностей.
Скорее всего - в первую очередь греков. От которых Николай Первый последовательно открещивался при этом и в 1826, и в 1852 годах... На заре и на закате своего царствования...
Цитата:
Когда он в 1828 - 1829 гг. предпринял войну против Махмуда II для освобождения греков - как раз после того, как Махмуд отказался пропустить русскую армию для подавления греческого восстания, -
Маркс утверждает, что царь Николай около 1828 года - накануне войны с Турцией - предлагао турецкому султану отправить свои войска для подавления греческого восстания. И только после отказа султана от этого началась Русско-турецкая война 1828 - 1829 годов.
Цитата:
Пальмерстон заявил в английском парламенте, что враги России-освободительницы - неизбежные «друзья» величайших в мире чудовищ, дон Мигела, Австрии и султана.
Пальмерстон опять облагораживает Россию - окрашивая, при этом, всех её врагов в "чудовищ".
Цитата:
Хотя Николай, со времени взрыва июльской революции 1830 г., играл главным образом роль покровителя легитимистов, он ни на минуту не переставал оказывать содействие «освобождению национальностей». Достаточно нескольких примеров. Революцией в Греции - с целью провозглашения конституции, - вспыхнувшей в сентябре 1843 г., руководил Катакази, русский посланник в Афинах, прежде главный ответственный инспектор над адмиралом Гейденом во время наваринской катастрофы487.
Во время конституционного мятежа 3 сентября 1843 года наиболее активную роль играла русофильская фракция греков. Тот же генерал Д. Каллергис. Это тем более забавно, что греки требовали у короля Отона Конституции и конституционных прав, тогда как в самой России был абсолютизм гораздо более глубокий. Декабристы, требовавшие Конституцию были размётаны и репрессированы в пух и прах. И если в Греческом королевстве первая Конституция была принята в 1843 году, то в России первая Конституция - и то лишь де факто (то есть не называясь по сути Конституцией) была принята лишь в 1906 году! Смех и грех...
Цитата:
Центром болгарского возмущения в 1842 г. было русское консульство в Бухаресте.
Там русский генерал Дюгамель принял весной 1842 г. болгарскую депутацию, которой изложил план всеобщего восстания. Сербия должна была служить резервом восстания, а русский генерал Киселев стать господарем Валахии. Во время сербского восстания (1843) Россия через посольство в Константинополе побуждала Турцию к насильственным мерам против сербов, чтобы потом под этим предлогом апеллировать к симпатиям и фанатизму Европы против турок. Из освободительных планов царя Николая отнюдь не была исключена также и Италия. «Jeune Italie», бывшая некоторое время парижским органом мадзинистов, рассказывает в одном из ноябрьских номеров 1842 года: «Недавние беспорядки в Романье и движение в Греции были в большей или меньшей степени связаны между собой... Итальянское движение потерпело неудачу, потому что подлинно демократическая партия отказа-лась примкнуть к нему. Республиканцы не хотели поддерживать движение, созданное Россией. Все было подготовлено для всеобщего восстания в Италии. Движение должно было начаться в Неаполе, где ожидали, что часть армии встанет во главе его или же непосредственно присоединится к патриотам. Вслед за начавшейся в Неаполе революцией должны были подняться Ломбардия, Пьемонт и Романья: должна была быть основана итальянская империя во главе с герцогом Лёйхтенбергским, сыном Евгения Богарне и зятем царя. «Молодая Италия» расстроила этот план».
«Times»488 от 20 ноября 1843 г. замечает по поводу этого сообщения «Jeune Italie»: «Если бы эта великая цель - основание итальянской империи с русским принцем во главе - могла быть осуществлена, тем лучше; но любой взрыв в Италии мог бы дать другие, более непосредственные, хотя и не столь крупные, выгоды: вызвать тревогу у Австрии и отвлечь ее внимание от грозных (fearful) планов России на Дунае».
После безуспешного обращения в 1843 г. к «Молодой Италии»489 Николай в марте 1844 г. послал г-на Бутенева в Рим. Бутенев сообщил папе* от имени царя план, согласно которому русская Польша отходила к Австрии в обмен на Ломбардию, которая должна была образовать североитальянское королевство с герцогом Лёйхтенбергским во главе. Газета «Tablet», бывшая тогда английским органом римской курии, писала в апреле 1844 г. по поводу этого предложения: «Приманка для римского двора в этом прекрасном плане заключалась в том, что Польша попадала в католические руки, в то время как Ломбардия по-прежнему оставалась под управлением католической династии. Но ветераны римской дипломатии понимали, что в то время, как Австрия с трудом может сохранять свои собственные владения и, по всей вероятности, рано или поздно должна будет вновь потерять свои славянские провинции, передача Польши Австрии - если бы даже это предлагалось серьезно - была бы только ссудой, подлежавшей последующему возврату, между тем как Северная Италия с герцогом Лёйхтенбергским действительно подпала бы под протекторат России, а вскоре неизбежно и под русское владычество. И горячо рекомендованный план был пока отложен».
Так писала газета «Tablet» в 1844 году.
* - Григорию XVI. Ред.
Тут как раз и заключён ключевой момент. Россия вовсе не ОСВОБОЖДАЛА народы, а просто сеяла раздор и смуту внутри соседних с нею империй, и натравливала на них их соседей, с целью ослабить их и облегчить осуществление собственных империалистических планов. Это касается и Османской империи, и Австрийской империи, и Ирана. И других - дальних и ближних государств - тоже.
Цитата:
Единственный момент, оправдывавший государственное существование Австрии с середины XVIII столетия, ее противодействие успехам России в восточной Европе - противодействие беспомощное, непоследовательное, трусливое, но упорное - дает повод Фогту сделать открытие, что «Австрия - очаг всяких раздоров на Востоке» (l. с., стр. 56).
Российская пропаганда хорошо работала в мире уже тогда. В Европах многие умы считали, поверженные ею, что Россия - белая и пушистая, и всякий кто смеет выступить против её экспансионизма - невиданный преступник. Чуть ли не Диавол во плоти.
Цитата:
С «какой-то детской наивностью», которая так мило идет к его жирной наружности, он объясняет союз России с Францией против Австрии - помимо освободительных тенденций «благожелательного царя» - неблагодарностью, которой Австрия отплатила за услуги Николая, оказанные во время венгерской революции.
«А во время Крымской войны Австрия дошла до последней границы вооруженного, враждебного нейтралитета. Само собой разумеется, что это поведение, к тому же отмеченное печатью фальши и коварства, должно было страшно озлобить русское правительство против Австрии и толкнуть его тем самым в сторону Франции» (l. с., стр. 10, 11).
Австрия так и не выступила с оружием в руках против России в Крымской войне. А ведь могла бы - к этому её долго призывали англо-французы. Но она этого так и не сделала. А ведь это, конечно, привело бы к самым печальным последствиям для России. И к гораздо более тяжким мирным условиям для неё.
Цитата:
Россия, по Фогту, ведет сентиментальную политику. Та благодарность, которую Австрия проявила по отношению к царю в ущерб Германии во время Варшавского конгресса 1850 г. и совершая поход в Шлезвиг-Гольштейн490, все еще не удовлетворяет благодарного Фогта.
В российской историографии этот момент тоже умалчивается. В отличие от мифа о "неблагодарной Австрии". Будто из "благодарности" Австрия должна была наплевать на свои геополитические интересы, и "раскрыть ноги" перед Россией. Но это так не работает...
Цитата:
Русский дипломат Поццо-ди-Борго в своей знаменитой депеше, помеченной: Париж, октябрь 1825 г.491, перечислив интриги Австрии против русских планов интервенции на Востоке, говорит: «Поэтому наша политика требует, чтобы мы по отношению к этому государству» (Австрии) «занимали угрожающую позицию; наши приготовления должны убедить его в том, что, если оно предпримет что-либо против нас, над его головой разразится такая страшная буря, какой оно еще никогда не переживало».
Россия продолжала угрожать Австрии аналогичным образом и в дальнейшем - вплоть до Первой Мировой войны. Когда ОБЕ империи пали. Своим поведением в отношении Австрии Россия провоцировала не вполне хладнокровную реакцию со стороны Австрии.
Цитата:
Пригрозив Австрии войной извне и революцией изнутри и предложив в качестве возможного мирного исхода захват Австрией турецких «провинций, на которые она претендует», а Пруссию изобразив просто в виде подчиненного союзника России,
Пруссия, как "подчинённый союзник России", пару раз жёстко принагнула Россию, при всём этом...
Цитата:
Поццо продолжает: «Если бы венский кабинет признал наши благие цели и намерения, то давно был бы выполнен план императорского кабинета, - план, имеющий в виду не только овладение Дунайскими княжествами и Константинополем, но и изгнание турок из Европы».
Поццо представляет претензии России на завоевание чужих, иноэтничных территорий, как некое эдакое вселенское благо. Мол, Россия выгнала бы Турцию из Европы. Уау. Вот это достижение. Ну и хуля это надо и кому - чтобы Константинополь перешёл в руки русских?
Цитата:
Как известно, в 1830 г. между Николаем и Карлом Х был заключен тайный договор на следующих условиях: Франция разрешает России завладеть Константинополем и в качестве компенсации получает Рейнские провинции и Бельгию; Пруссия компенсируется Ганновером и Саксонией; Австрия получает часть турецких провинций на Дунае. При Луи-Филиппе тот же план, по инициативе России, был снова предложен Моле петербургскому кабинету.
Франция вообще сильно не заморачивалась, разбрасываясь чужими территориями. Ну, а чего мелочиться то чужим ради собственного усиления и расширения?
Цитата:
Вскоре после этого Бруннов отправился с этим документом в Лондон, где он был показан английскому правительству как доказательство предательства Франции и использован для образования антифранцузской коалиции 1840 года.
В 19 веке Англия последовательно давала по рукам экспансионизму России. До тех пор, пока не возвысился дурачок Черчилль и британская политическая элита его поколения (например согласие о передаче Проливов России Соглашением Сайкса-Пико от 1916 года). _________________ Мой девиз: один против всех, и всем несдобровать...
Добавлено: Ср Сен 04, 2024 3:49 am Заголовок сообщения:
Русский разделывает Турцию в 1829 году - чем вызывает неподдельное возмущение англичанина (вскочившая справа фигура в красной униформе слева), и француза (сидящая невозмутимо фигура в смней униформе справа):
Смысл в том, что это не искреннее возмущение несправедливостью происходящего, а лицемерное возмущение односторонностью акта, и тем, что с англо-французами просто не поделились... _________________ Мой девиз: один против всех, и всем несдобровать...
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