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Гранаты с греческим огнём:
A companion to Byzantine science / edited by Stavros
Lazaris.
Boston : Brill, 2020 | Series: Brill’s companions
to the Byzantine world, 2212-7429 ; volume 6
Цитата: |
2.4.2 Greek Fire
The most impressive device developed by the Byzantines was the so-called
“Greek fire.” Although most prominently used on ships, it is mentioned in
other contexts as “siege warfare.”51 What we now call Greek fire seems to refer
to not one but several mixtures productive of liquid fire (hygros pyr) when
ignited. Most likely it resembled some sort of oil or petroleum that could not
be extinguished by water. It was propelled by siphones set on the dromones’
bows and used directly to set fire to enemy ships. Siphones were most likely
composed of a pump and a bronze tube in which the liquid was ignited.52 The
51 Heron of Byzantium, Parangelmata Poliorcetica, ed. Sullivan, pp. 84–85; Sylloge Tacticorum,
LXIII.8, ed. Dain.
52 There is still discussion as to how the liquid might have been propelled and whether the
siphon designated the whole device or just the pumping system. For an exhaustive
resume on the debate, see Pryor/Jeffreys, The age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ, pp. 607–31 and Haldon,
“‘Greek Fire’ revisited,” pp. 290–325.
chronicler Theophanes first noted its use by the Byzantines during the Arab
siege of Constantinople in 673/4–678:
"At that time Kallinikos, an artificer from Heliopolis of Syria, having taken
refuge with the Romans [and] having prepared sea fire, ignited the ships
of the Arabs and burned them with their crews. In this way the Romans
came back in victory and acquired the sea fire".53
A Byzantine soldier holds a portable version of this device in the Vatican manuscript
of the Parangelmata Poliorcetica (Fig. 12.2).54 Greek fire could also be
contained in terracotta grenades thrown at the enemy from either siege engines
or by the soldiers themselves. Evidence for its use, however, remains
scarce, and consists mainly of just a few texts.55
53 Theophanes the Confessor, Chronographia, transl. Mango/Scott, p. 494.
54 See Vat. gr. 1605, fol. 36r; this device is said to have recently been invented by the emperor
in Taktika, XIX.64, ed. Dennis and in Sylloge Tacticorum, LXIII.8, ed. Dain.
55 The Madrid Skylitzes preserves an illustration of its use in naval context, see Vitr. 26.2,
fol. 34v.
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